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Mama, where do digital pianos come from?

Mama, where do digital pianos come from?

Innovation
Digital piano
Evolution of the piano

Digital is everywhere. Many everyday devices have become exclusively digital in the past decades. Will the digital piano replace the acoustic piano in the same way? Of course not! The acoustic piano is and will remain "the one and only". So why are there digital pianos, how did they originate and evolve? In this article, you will read more about it!

- Written by Stefaan Vanfleteren

Today, the digital piano is a good complement or alternative to the acoustic piano. But this has certainly not always been the case. How did the digital piano emerge and evolve?

Two aspects of the piano have been instrumental in the birth and evolution of an electric and later digital equivalent: First, the piano is indispensable wherever musical entertainment is required, but is little or no portable. The piano is both a solo instrument, an accompanying instrument and an orchestral instrument. It is an instrument for classical music, but also for jazz, pop, Singer-Songwriter. But... The instrument does not come with the pianist, the pianist comes to the instrument. The pianist sometimes ended up with a well-maintained and tuned instrument, but just as often with an out-of-tune and badly maintained antique instrument. This made all these entertainment pianists yearn for a mobile instrument of their own.

Kunstwerk dat geluidsgolven en pianotoetsen combineert

Second: the piano sound is technically/physically/mathematically one of the most complex sounds there is... The tonal range (from the lowest to the highest note that can be produced) is enormous! (Second largest of all musical instruments. Only some church organs have a larger range). The timbre (harmonic content of the sound) is enormously complex, and not only different for each key: the harmonic content also varies in an infinite number of ways, depending on the hardness of the touch, the intonation and adjustment, and the playing style of the pianist. This complexity has ensured that it took almost 100 years before there was an "acceptable" electric/electronic alternative to the acoustic piano. And this complexity also means that today, the "true enthusiast" still chooses an acoustic piano. To understand the story of the digital piano, we need to take a closer look at three parallel evolutions: the evolution of the electro-acoustic piano, the evolution of the synthesiser, and the evolution of the "sampling" technique.

de Neo Bechstein, één van de eerste Elektro-akoestische vleugelpiano's

Let's go back to the 1930s. With the rise of jazz and especially of the Big Bands, an essential problem arose: the Big Bands toured the United States with their whole set, preferably carrying their own piano everywhere. Since the numerous horns could produce quite a lot of decibels, the pianist preferred to have a grand piano as large as possible, in order to achieve a similar sound level. This was in strong contrast to the requirements of the logistics manager of such a tour: he wanted a piano as small as possible, light and easy to transport. Bechstein and Siemens already anticipated this demand. In 1929, they put an electro-acoustic piano on the market: a short acoustic grand piano, in which "microphones" (actually more like "recording magnets") under the strings could capture the sound and, after amplification, project it into the hall via loudspeakers. This "Neo-Bechstein" (as the instrument was officially called) was (too) far ahead of its time. Petrof turned it into the neo-Petrof, and the American company Story & Clarck also put a similar instrument on the market. The idea was brilliant, but the technology was not yet advanced enough. But at the end of the day, people were already saying: in addition to our acoustic grand piano, we need an alternative that offers a solution in specific cases.

It took until the 1950s before a more workable solution was found, based on partly the same idea. With the rise of pop and rock music, the need for a piano that was easy to transport and easy to amplify became even greater. The Fender Rhodes and the Wurlitzer piano saw the light of day. Although, piano? These instruments actually didn't sound like an acoustic piano at all! (In the case of the Fender Rhodes, real piano hammers struck metal rods, which were then amplified through a pick-up, just like an electric guitar. The Wurlitzer had metal reeds). However, the advantages did not outweigh the different sound and many pianists bought this instrument. Even today, the typical sound can be found in pop and jazz music, and there are pianists actively looking for an original Rhodes or Wurlitzer piano.

De Yamaha CP80 Elektro-akoestische vleugelpiano

It was not until the 1970s that the identical principle of the Neo-Bechstein was revived. Yamaha then set a new standard in electro-acoustic pianos with, among others, the CP70/CP80: An acoustic piano with real strings, but very short and without a soundboard. The vibrations of the strings were amplified with pick-ups (microphones). The typical sound can be found in many pop recordings from that period. Just think of all the music by ABBA. But also this instrument was for many still too heavy and too expensive.

De eerste elektrische piano's waren analoog of gebruikten FM synthese

Alongside the rise of electroacoustic technology, there was a second evolution, that of the synthesizer: the creation of sounds from nothing, just by using electronic components. Some of the pioneers at the beginning of the 20th century here included the Russian Léon Theremin, Maurice Martenot and Laurens Hammond. Finally, it took until the 1960s for the synthesizer to really break through. Thanks to Robert Moog, among others. The purpose of the synthesizer was, on the one hand, to create "new, non-existent sounds". On the other hand, they also tried to imitate acoustic instruments. Including the sound of a piano. It was not until the end of the 1970s that the first "electronic pianos" based on the principle of the synthesizer appeared on the market. The problem, however, was that the sound of a piano is so complex, and its harmonic content so diverse, that it was impossible to generate a realistic sound. Brands such as Yamaha and Roland did bring some instruments onto the market, but ultimately it was not a success. These instruments also caused a negative image of electronics and pianos among pianists. This second evolution therefore came to a standstill. It was not until 2010 that Roland surprised friend and foe with its V-piano technology: once again, a piano sound is generated "out of nowhere". But this time it is extremely realistic, via Virtual Modelling. But even pure virtual modelling is not appreciated by everyone. Because of its mathematical correctness, it is often experienced as cold and unnatural.

De eerste op computer gebaseerde elektronische klavieren, zoals de Synclavier

A third evolution was that of "sampling" or the recording and reproduction of the original piano sound. The first instruments that could do this were the Mellotron and the Chamberlain in the 1960s and 1970s. Simplistically, for each note there was a recording on magnetic tape of, for example, a piano sound. When the key was pressed, the tape played the sound. When the key was released, the tape was brought back to its starting position. Needless to say, this principle did not work for playing Rachmaninov! When the "magnetic tape" was gradually replaced by the digital recording (sampling), this idea could again be put into practice. The first "samplers" cost tens of thousands of euros and were only a (financial) option for the big recording studios and big artists. Think of the Synclavier, which Stevie Wonder was so fond of using. For every other sound, a lot of large floppy disks had to be loaded.

De Kurzweil K250 was één van de eerste elektronische klavieren met een top gesampelde pianoklank.

But with the rise of better and faster computers, and computer memory becoming ever cheaper, the principle of sampling could finally be commercialized in the second half of the 1980s. In 1984, Kurzweil's K250 was the first instrument to offer a piano sample stored in ROM memory.

De Wersi D-Art technologie was baanbrekend in 1992 en legde een wereldwijde standaard in piano-sampling en datacompressie

Closer to home, the German company Wersi Electronics developed a technique for processing and compressing the various string resonances and the typical harmonic changes at each stroke via ASIC technology. These developments formed a basis on which the large Japanese and American corporations could develop further. And it is on these developments that virtually all digital pianos are based today. Computer memory is becoming cheaper and faster, more and more samples can be recorded per key, and various side effects are added. All this results in an ever-improving imitation of the piano sound. But ultimately, the original remains unequalled, which is why the acoustic piano and grand piano have not lost any of their importance and interest, even in the 21st century.

Do you want to know why the digital piano is so popular? Read the blog "why choose a digital piano", and you will be completely on board!

Mama, where do digital pianos come from?

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